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Questions: Will you agree on the rehabilitation and eventually operation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant?

Questions: Will you agree on the rehabilitation and eventually operation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant?

By: Peter Breboneria II

Answers: Before I state my personal conviction towards the rehabilitation of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, may I present necessary facts on developing nuclear energy for electricity purposes. Please also take note how I used the Principle of Double Effect to make my initial stand.  

 

Nuclear Energy  

Nuclear energy is found in the core or nucleus of an atom. To generate electricity, the nucleus needs to be split into an atom of Uranium through the process of nuclear fission. When you trigger a neutron particle, it splits the nucleus releasing 200x the energy of the initial neutron particle. The splits create two extra neutrons and chain reactions when colliding with uranium atoms producing radiation and heat.  

Nuclear Power Plant  

A nuclear power plant needs to be built to control the radiation and heat in producing electricity. Pellets of Uranium (U-235) are the fuels used by nuclear reactors to create heat warming the cooling agents (water, liquid metal, molten salt etc.) of reactors and transforming into steam driving generators or engines producing electricity.  

Photo Courtesy: National Geographic

History of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant  

Photo Courtesy: National Geographic

The decision to establish the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant were publicly announced in July 1973 by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos under Martial Law in response to 1973 Oil crisis. The president believes that nuclear power will meet the country’s energy demands while lowering dependence on imported oils.The power plant was completed but never fueled due to public health and safety issues and corruption at the wake of Chernobyl disaster on 1986 in Ukraine. As of 2019, 10.4% of world’s electricity comes from nuclear power.The biggest user is France. Over 70% of their electricity derives from nuclear power.  

Popular Pros of Nuclear Energy  

1.Carbon free electricity/Low Pollution  

2.Reliable source of energy/Clean and renewable energy  

3.Cheap to run  

4.Small land footprint  

5.Other practical applications  

-Discovery of Moon’s origin through the trinitite  

-Detecting art fraud  

-Health related uses 

 

Cons of Nuclear Energy  

1.Nuclear waste  

2.Expensive to build  

3.Uranium is non-renewable. Mining and enrichment of uranium are not environmentally friendly  

4.Radioactive materials can be extremely toxic and deadly.  

 

The Modern Nuclear Reactors  

  1. SAFE

To combat the cons, Bill Gates company TerraPower built Natrium power plants with a Safer cooling system, cheaper construction costs, and less nuclear waste. In conventional power plants, it used water system that could build up and create pressure that can potentially cause an explosion. In TerraPower’s Natrium Plant, it uses liquid sodium as a cooling agent. It can absorb heat more than water, preventing pressure and explosion. In times of natural disaster, it does not depend on external energy for a backup system but on passive cooling system called Reactor Vessel Air Cooling Systems (RVACs). RVAC utilizes hot air rising. When a tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiich Nuclear Plant and shut down its cooling system in 2011, its back up diesel generators failed.  

2. Energy storage like a battery

The technology of Natrium can store heat in tanks of molten salt for future use similar to a battery.

3.Cheaper construction costs

The conventional nuclear plant costs multibillions (For example, Plant Vogtle in Georgia costing $25 billion plus). The target cost of the Natrium plant is $1 billion that includes engineering, procurement and construction costs of the plant. That’s 25x lower than the cost of Plant Vogtle.

4.Less nuclear wastes

Advanced nuclear reactors are efficient using advanced materials and supercomputing. 

 

Criticism of the advanced Nuclear Power 

I had seen the good points of advanced nuclear reactors addressing the popular cons of nuclear energy. But let me challenge the benefits. 

1.Is it really safe? To err is human. Humans do not have the capacity to create perfect nuclear reactors no matter how serious we are about achieving perfection and achieving integrity. There will be people who will fail to do what they are supposed to do. If not today, it may be tomorrow risking the release of radioactive materials that could kill organisms and environment. In Chernobyl Disaster of 1986, Pine Forest had dried up. 100,000 people need to be evacuated. The claim of TerraPower on nuclear reactors can be analogous to the creator of Unsinkable Titanic that sank at the end. Creating power plants risks proliferation of atomic bomb. 

  

“If nuclear power is to play a larger role to address climate change, it is essential for new reactor designs to be safer, more secure, and pose comparable or—better yet—lower risks of nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism than the existing reactor fleet…Despite the hype surrounding them, none of the non-light-water reactors on the drawing board that we reviewed meet all of those requirements.” 

  

2. Is it really small and cheap?  

Production of small and cheap nuclear power plant still big if set in multiple locations risking accidents and the release of radioactive materials. If you will total the expenses of small power plants in various sites, it is still big at the end.The sum of many smalls is still many. 

“It doesn’t make sense to us for either government or industry to devote a lot of resources to pursuing high-risk, low-reward technologies – or technologies that could be even worse than what we have now,” 

Edwin Lyman, Director of Nuclear Power Safety at the Union of Concerned Scientists in Washington, DC, in a statement released with the report. 

 

3. Is it really less nuclear waste? 

TerraPower might lessen nuclear waste but there is still nuclear waste created. It means toxic materials for thousands of years.  

“no one has ever solved the problem with what to do with nuclear waste.” 

-Robert W. Howarth, professor of ecology and environmental biology at Cornell University 

 

 

Why did Bill Gates invest in advanced nuclear reactors? 

Bottomline. In my opinion, PROFIT 

U-235, the uranium used in nuclear plant is rare and less than one percent of the uranium in the world. Proponents of nuclear power promise of cheap electricity. It may be cheaper at the start but will become expensive as the demand goes up due to the limited availability of U-235. It means wealth for TerraPower. Why invest in non-renewable energy if renewable energy is available? 

 

“[Investing in nuclear energy] comes with unnecessary risks when better alternatives (i.e. wind, solar, geothermal) are available…And “investment in nuclear likely crowds out investment in the safer alternative (renewable energy),” 

Michael E. Mann, professor of atmospheric science at Penn State and director of the Penn State Earth System Science Center (ESSC) 

 

4. Is it humane? 

Bill gates argues that nuclear energy is safer than other source of power generation. Better than coal, natural gas and biomass. He was using the death rates of 0.07 from nuclear energy. 

50 people died after the radiation exposure at Chernobyl. The United Nations estimated that the accident caused 4 000 deaths. Greenpeace calculated the number closer to 90, 000. 574 deaths from Fukushima. I had watched Three miles islands, Pandora, and Chernobyl 1986 in Netflix. The common risk of radioactive exposure is cancer and DNA damage. I understand that death rates for utilization of nuclear energy is too small. But cancer development and genetic changes are extremely serious health concerns.  

On the other hand, fossil fuels caused 8.7 million deaths in 2018. 

But let me show the effects of our energy uses to make a decision which is safer. 

  • Coal: 25 people would die prematurely every year; 
  • Oil: 18 people would die prematurely every year; 
  • Gas: 3 people would die prematurely every year; 
  • Nuclear: In an average year nobody would die. A death rate of 0.07 deaths per terawatt-hour means it would take 14 years before a single person would die. As we will explore later, this might even be an overestimate. 
  • Wind: In an average year nobody would die – it will take 29 years before someone died; 
  • Hydropower: In an average year nobody would die – it will take 42 years before someone died; 
  • Solar: In an average year nobody would die – only every 53 years would someone die. 

 

My Initial Stand 

 

My answer will be based on the Principle of Double Effect. The Principle of Double effect will be used to determine when the use of Nuclear Energy has two effects, one good and one evil. I can choose this principle to save me from making wrong decisions. This principle is attributed to St Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae I-II q64 art. 7). 

 

To apply, the principle of Double effect, the following four conditions must be satisfied: 

  1. The action must be morally good, or indifferent, as to object, motive and circumstances. The motive of using Nuclear energy is to lessen death rates due to air pollution caused by dominant fossil fuels. Nuclear energy accidents just caused less than 4,000 deaths compared to millions of deaths every year due to utilization of fossil fuels. 
  2. The bad effect(s) may only be tolerated, not directly willed. Bad effects were not planned, intended, tolerated, and not directly willed. All of the nuclear powerplants disaster were called accidents. Bill Gates’ Terra Power started to create safer cooling systems for advanced nuclear reactors. 
  3. The good effect must be caused at least as directly as the bad. Unintended deaths due to accident versus saving millions of lives and the environment due to clean energy. 
  4. The good effect(s) must be proportionate to compensate for the bad effect(s). The pros of advanced nuclear reactors: safe but not perfect, cheap to build and run, small land footprint, clean energy, higher and reliable energy output, saving millions of lives etc are more than enough to compensate for the loss of nuclear energy utilization. 

 

Therefore, I agree with the rehabilitation and operation of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant 

 

 

References 

1, What are the Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy? | Let’s Talk Science. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/stem-in-context/what-are-pros-and-cons-nuclear-energy 

  1. Doctrine of Double Effect (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/double-effect/
  2. The Principle of Double Effect | EWTN. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/answers/principle-of-double-effect-23224
  3. Nuclear-Resort Pictures: Come for the Reactor, Stay for the Beach. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/120105-nuclear-resort-philippines-power-plant
  4. Nuclear-Resort Pictures: Come for the Reactor, Stay for the Beach. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/120105-nuclear-resort-philippines-power-plant
  5. Geist, E. (2015). Political Fallout: The Failure of Emergency Management at Chernobyl’. Slavic Review, 74(1), 104–126. https://doi.org/10.5612/SLAVICREVIEW.74.1.104

7.Molten Chloride Fast Reactor Technology – TerraPower. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.terrapower.com/our-work/molten-chloride-fast-reactor-technology/ 

  1. • Chart: The Countries Reliant On Nuclear Power | Statista. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.statista.com/chart/22405/nuclear-powers-share-of-total-electricity-generation/
  2. Bill Gates’ TerraPower is building next-generation nuclear power. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/08/bill-gates-terrapower-is-building-next-generation-nuclear-power.html
  3. Nuclear explained – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/nuclear/
  4. Deaths from fossil fuel emissions higher than previously thought. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2021/02/deaths-fossil-fuel-emissions-higher-previously-thought
  5. Cardis, E., & Hatch, M. (2011). The Chernobyl Accident – An Epidemiological Perspective. Clinical Oncology, 23(4), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLON.2011.01.510
  6. “Invisible killer”: fossil fuels caused 8.7m deaths globally in 2018, research finds | Pollution | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/feb/09/fossil-fuels-pollution-deaths-research
  7. What are the safest and cleanest sources of energy? – Our World in Data. (n.d.). Retrieved June 28, 2022, from https://ourworldindata.org/safest-sources-of-energy

About the Author

Peter Dadis Breboneria II (Formerly Peter Reganit Breboneria II) is the founder of the International Center for Youth Development (ICYD) and the program author/ developer of the Philippines first internet-based Alternative Learning System and Utak Henyo Program of the Department of Education featured by GMA News & Public Affairs and ABS-CBN and MOA signed by Department of Education, Voice of the Youth Network, Junior Chamber International (JCI), and the Philippine Music and the Arts. You may visit his website at www.peterbreboneria.com.